Linkage Software Valuation Multiples

S&P Global provides data and benchmarks to capital and commodity market participants. Its ratings business is the largest credit rating agency in the world and S&P's largest segment by profitability. S&P's largest segment by revenue is market intelligence, which provides desktop, data and advisory solutions, enterprise solutions, and credit/risk solutions mostly in the financial-services industry. S&P's other segments include energy (formerly commodity insights, this segment includes Platts and other data), mobility (Carfax), and indexes. S&P plans to spin off mobility in 2026.

Moody’s, along with S&P Ratings, is a leading provider of credit ratings on fixed-income securities. The ratings segment, Moody’s Investors Service, includes corporates, structured finance, financial institutions, and public finance ratings. MIS represents a majority of the firm’s profit and often (depending on bond issuance levels) a majority of the firm's revenue. The other segment, Moody’s Analytics, consists of decision solutions, research and insights, and data and information.

Constellation Software is an acquirer, manager, and developer of vertical market software, or VMS, businesses globally. VMS differentiates from horizontal software in that it provides mission critical solutions within a specific industry for customers in a particular market. Constellation operates through a decentralized model in which each business operates as its own independent entity. Managers of individual businesses are incentivized to optimize their business for returns on invested capital and revenue growth. Excess cash generated by the individual businesses is repatriated to portfolio managers who focus on allocating as much capital as possible on new acquisitions. As of 2025, Constellation consisted of over 1,000 individual businesses and 64,000 employees.

Founded in 1956, Fair Isaac Corporation is a leading applied analytics company. Fair Isaac is primarily known for its FICO credit scores, which is a widely used industry benchmark to determine the creditworthiness of an individual consumer. The firm’s US-centric credit scores business accounts for most of the firm’s revenue and profits and consists of business-to-business and business-to-consumer services. In addition to scores, Fair Isaac also sells software primarily to financial institutions for areas such as analytics, decision-making, customer workflows, and fraud.

Fiserv is a leading provider of core processing and complementary services, such as electronic funds transfer, payment processing, and loan processing, for US banks and credit unions, with a focus on small and midsize banks. Following its 2019 merger with First Data, Fiserv also provides payment processing services to merchants. About 10% of the company’s revenue is generated internationally.

Verisk is a leading data, analytics, and technology provider for property-casualty insurers. Verisk traces its history to Insurance Services Office, a nonprofit advisory organization founded in 1971 by US P&C insurers. ISO was formed as an association of insurance companies to assist with a variety of insurance use cases, such as reporting to regulators, defining policies, and determining independent premium rates. As the firm expanded its use cases, it became a for-profit company, renamed Verisk, and went public in 2009. Verisk’s single segment (insurance) provides underwriting solutions, including forms, rules, loss costs, and catastrophe modeling. For claims, Verisk’s solutions include property repair estimates and antifraud tools. About 83% of Verisk’s revenue is US-based.

Hithink RoyalFlush Information Network Co Ltd is engaged in providing Internet financial information services and online financial software. The company's business includes an online market trading system, mobile financial information service, fund sales, financial big data processing, and cloud services. It serves individuals, brokers, funds, private placements, banks, insurance, government, and research Institutional clients.

Fidelity National Information Services provides core processing and ancillary services to banks, but its business has expanded over time. By acquiring SunGard in 2015, the company now provides record-keeping and other services to investment firms. With the acquisition of Worldpay in 2019, FIS was providing payment processing services for merchants and holding leading positions in the United States and United Kingdom. But the company sold off a majority interest in Worldpay and now has only a minority stake.

Broadridge Financial Solutions, which was spun off from Automatic Data Processing in 2007, is a leading provider of investor communication and technology-driven solutions to banks, broker/dealers, traditional and alternative-asset managers, wealth managers, and corporate issuers. Broadridge is composed of two operating segments: investor communication solutions and global technology and operations.

SS&C Technologies provides software products and software-enabled services to a variety of customers primarily in financial services. Acquisitions are a large part of SS&C's history. SS&C GlobeOp provides fund administration services to alternative and traditional asset managers. In addition, SS&C provides portfolio accounting, portfolio management, trading, banking/lending, and other software to asset managers, banks, and financial advisors. SS&C’s purchase of Intralinks makes it a leading player in virtual deal room solutions. With its 2018 purchase of DST Systems, SS&C gained a foothold in the healthcare industry with pharmacy health management solutions and medical claim administration services. In 2022, SS&C acquired robotic process automation software firm Blue Prism.

Guidewire Software provides cloud-based software solutions for property and casualty insurers. The flagship product, InsuranceSuite is a system of record and comprises ClaimCenter, a claims management system; PolicyCenter, a policy management system including policy definitions, quotas, issuance, maintenance, and renewal; and BillingCenter, for billing management, payment plans, and agent commissions. The company also offers InsuranceNow, a midmarket offering, as well as a variety of other add-on applications and services.

Oracle Financial Services Software Ltd is an India-based provider of software systems, computer systems, and consulting services. Its flagship Flexcube offerings include universal banking, investor servicing, private banking, lending and leasing, Islamic banking, Internet and mobile banking, remit, and collateral management capabilities. Its other offerings include analytical infrastructure applications, financial crime analysis, and compliance management applications. The firm also offers support and business process outsourcing services. The company has two reportable segments Product licenses and related activities ('Products') and IT solutions and consulting services ('Services'). Geographically the company generates the majority of its revenue from the Product segment.

FactSet provides financial data and portfolio analytics to the global investment community. The company aggregates data from third-party data suppliers, news sources, exchanges, brokerages, and contributors into its workstations. In addition, it provides essential portfolio analytics that companies use to monitor portfolios and address reporting requirements. Buy-side clients (including wealth and corporate clients) account for over 80% of FactSet's annual subscription value. In 2015, the company acquired Portware, a provider of trade execution software. In 2017, it acquired BISAM, a risk management and performance measurement provider. In 2022, it completed its purchase of CUSIP Global Services.

PT Sinar Mas Multiartha Tbk provides an integrated and comprehensive range of financial services in Indonesia. The company is engaged in insurance underwriting, consumer financing, factoring of accounts, securities administration, securities brokerage, investment management, banking, development, Information technology, trading, and other related services. It is also involved in the auction house, property, health clinic, and workshop activities.

Clearwater Analytics describes its mission as aiming to be the world’s most trusted and comprehensive technology platform for the entire investment cycle. Clearwater has historically focused on back-office functions such as investment accounting, but with acquisitions such Enfusion, Beacon, and Bistro, the firm has broadened its focus with front-office and middle-office capabilities. Clearwater primarily serves insurance companies, asset managers, hedge funds, and corporate treasuries. Pro forma for Enfusion, about 76% of Clearwater’s revenue is generated in the US.

Beijing Compass Technology Development Co Ltd is the provider of professional financial data analysis and securities investment advisory services. The company is a securities analysis software developer and securities information service provider in China.

Morningstar Inc is a provider of independent investment insights to financial advisers, asset managers, and investors. It provides data and research insights on various investment offerings, including managed investment products, publicly listed companies, private capital markets, debt securities, and real-time market data. The company has five reportable segments: Morningstar Direct Platform, PitchBook, Morningstar Credit, Morningstar Wealth, and Morningstar Retirement. Maximum revenue is derived from the Morningstar Direct Platform, which provides investors with comprehensive data, research, insights, and investment analysis through product areas such as Morningstar Data, Morningstar Direct, and Morningstar Advisor Workstation. Geographically, it generates maximum revenue from the USA.

Allfunds is a fund distribution platform connecting fund houses and distributors, creating a single access point for both sides to gain a wider reach with regard to assets under administration and fund variety, respectively. As of 2024, Allfunds had EUR 1.6 trillion in assets under administration stemming from about 860 distributors on its platform. In return, distributors gained access to about 156,000 funds from 3,300 different fund houses. Allfunds also provides ancillary services to both fund houses and distributors, covering the marketing, distribution, legal, regulatory, as well as data and analytics needs arising in the fund distribution space. Allfunds derives the majority of its revenue from Italy, Spain, and France.

ACI Worldwide Inc develops, markets and installs a portfolio of software products focused on facilitating electronic payments. The firm also leverages its distribution network in the Americas; Europe, the Middle East, and Africa, or EMEA; and Asia-Pacific regions to sell software developed by third parties. ACI software products process payment transactions for retail banking clients, billers such as utilities and healthcare providers, and community banks and credit unions. ACI's customers are financial institutions all over the world, but majority of the revenue is generated in the United States and EMEA regions.

Temenos is a Swiss company that provides banking software to financial institutions around the world. Its main product is core banking software that helps banks manage accounts, customer information, transaction processing, loans, security, and financial reporting. Besides core banking software, Temenos offers products for digital banking, payments, wealth management, compliance, and analytics to help banks improve customer experience and meet regulatory requirements.

Hundsun Technologies Inc provides financial software and network services in China. It offers integrated solutions and services to institutions in the securities, futures, funds, trust, insurance, banking, exchange, and private placement sectors. Its main businesses include wealth technology services, asset management technology services, risk and platform technology services, data services business, innovation business, corporate finance and insurance core, and financial infrastructure technology services, as well as other businesses.

Topicus com Inc is engaged in the development, installation, and customization of vertical market software and the provision of related professional services and support for customers across several diverse markets, mainly in Europe. Its revenue consists mainly of software license fees, maintenance and other recurring fees, professional service fees, and hardware sales. Geographically, the company generates maximum revenue from its business in the Netherlands, and the rest from other markets.

State Grid Yingda Co Ltd, formerly Shanghai Zhixin Electric Co Ltd specializes in the development, production and sale of amorphous alloy transformers in China.

Formed by a combination of JCPenney’s credit card processing unit and The Limited’s credit card bank business, Bread Financial is a provider of private-label and co-branded credit cards, loyalty programs, and marketing services. The company’s most financially significant unit is its credit card business that partners with retailers to jointly market Bread’s credit cards to their customers. The company also retains a minority interest in spun-off LoyaltyOne, which operates the largest airline miles loyalty program in Canada and offers marketing services to grocery chains in Europe and Asia.

Shenzhen Fortune Trend Technology Co Ltd is engaged in research and development of securities analysis systems and computer communication systems. It provides securities investment analysis system for securities institutions and investors under the brand Tongdaxin. Tongdaxin's well-known online trading products are: China Merchants Securities Zhiyuan One Account, Guoxin Securities Golden Sun Edition, CITIC Securities Zhixin All-rounder, GF Securities Financial Terminal, Galaxy Securities Neptune, Guotai Junan Securities Fuyi, among others.

CCC Intelligent Solutions Holdings Inc is a provider of cloud, mobile, AI, telematics, hyperscale technologies, and applications for the property and casualty insurance economy. The company's SaaS platform connects trading partners, facilitates commerce, and supports mission-critical, AI-enabled digital workflows. It operates in a single segment being Domestic segment, which provides SAAS platform for the P&C insurance economy and derives revenues from providing customers with software subscriptions to the platform in addition to providing professional services and non-software services. The company has its presence in the United States and China. The majority of the revenue is generated from the United States.

NCR Atleos Corp is financial technology company providing self-directed banking solutions to a customer base including financial institutions, merchants, manufacturers, retailers and consumers. Self-directed banking is a rapidly growing, secular trend that allows banking customers to transact seamlessly between various channels all for the same transaction. Their comprehensive solutions enable the acceleration of self-directed banking through ATM and interactive teller machine (ITM) technology, including software, services, hardware and its proprietary Allpoint network. Atleos manage its operations in the following segments which includes Self-Service Banking, Network, and Telecommunications abd Technology.

Q2 Holdings Inc provides digital solutions to financial institutions, financial technology companies, and alternative finance companies, seeking to incorporate banking into their customer engagement and servicing strategies. The company helps its clients with supervisory, consumer protection, privacy, third-party risk management requirements, and cyber threats and fraud, among other applications, by offering a portfolio of digital solutions, which comprises its digital banking offerings, digital lending and relationship pricing solutions, risk and fraud solutions, as well as Q2 Innovation Studio and Helix. Q2 derives the majority of its revenue from subscription fees for the use of its hosted solutions.

AJ Bell PLC is an investment platform in the United Kingdom. The Group has a single operating segment, being investment services in the advised and D2C space, administering investments in SIPPs, ISAs, and General Investment / Dealing Accounts. SIPPs and ISAs, Lifetime ISA, and junior products. The company generates revenue from recurring ad valorem, which includes custody fees, interest income, and investment management fees, and transactional. The company earns its revenue from its domicile country United Kingdom.

CorVel Corp applies technology including artificial intelligence, machine learning, and natural language processing to enhance the managing of episodes of care and the related health care costs. It partners with employers, third-party administrators, insurance companies, and government agencies in managing worker's compensation and health, auto, and liability services. The company's solutions combine integrated technologies with a human touch providing services that include claims management, bill review, preferred provider networks, utilization management, case management, pharmacy services, directed care, and medicare services.

Diebold Nixdorf Inc is engaged in providing software and hardware services for financial and retail industries. The customer segments of the company are Banking, which offers integrated solutions for financial institutions, and Retail, which offers solutions, software, and services that improve the checkout process for retailers. A majority of its revenue is generated from the Banking segment.

Accelerant Holdings operate as a data-driven risk exchange that connects selected specialty insurance underwriters with risk capital partners. Geographically, it operates in North America; and UK and EU, out of which it derives maximum revenue from UK and EU.

iFAST Corp Ltd is an investment holding company. It is engaged in the development of software, marketing of unit trusts, exchange-traded funds, listed stocks, debt securities, and Singapore government securities through websites and acting as an investment advisor, dealer, and custodian in the securities. The company operates through geographic segments are Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia, United Kingdom, and China. The Singapore region generates maximum revenue for the company. iFAST receives revenue in the form of commissions and fees.

Douzone Bizon Co Ltd is a player in the software industry. Its major product is enterprise resource planning available in variants such as lite ERP, standard ERP, extended ERP and financial ERP, construction-use ERP and security solutions. It also caters to the banking industry with electronic banking software used for billing and taxation purposes.

Intapp Inc is a provider of industry-specific, cloud-based software solutions for the professional and financial services industry. It empowers private capital,g, legal, accounting, and consulting firms with the technology needed to meet rapidly changing client, investor, and regulatory requirements. Geographically, it derives a majority of its revenue from the United States and also has a presence in the United Kingdom and the Rest of the world.

Tieto Oyj is a software and technology consulting company. The company provides software and digital engineering services to customers across multiple industries. Its operations include specialized software businesses such as Tieto Caretech, Tieto Banktech, and Tieto Indtech, as well as a technology consulting business. The company offers services in areas including software development, design, cloud, and artificial intelligence.

Servyou Software Group Co Ltd is a comprehensive service provider of fiscal and taxation information in China. It offers tax system development and operation and maintenance for tax authorities, and provides comprehensive Internet financial and taxation services for taxpayers and financial and tax intermediaries with the Yiqiying brand.

Ncino Inc is a provider of cloud-based software for financial institutions. Its software solution digitizes, automates, and streamlines inefficient and complex processes & workflows and utilizes data analytics & artificial intelligence that enables financial institutions to onboard new clients, make loans, and manage the entire loan life cycle, open deposits, and other accounts, and manage regulatory compliance. It also offers professional services, including configuration & implementation, training, and advisory services. The company generates the majority of its revenue from subscription services. The company caters to financial institutions, enterprise banks, regional banks, community banks, and credit unions. The vast majority of its revenue comes from the United States.

Computer Age Management Services Ltd is a technology-driven financial infrastructure and services provider to mutual funds and other financial institutions. The company provides a comprehensive portfolio of technology-based services, such as transaction origination interface, transaction execution, payment, settlement and reconciliation, dividend processing, investor interface, record keeping, report generation, intermediary empanelment and brokerage computation and compliance-related services, through its pan-India network to its mutual fund clients, distributors and investors. It also provides certain services to alternative investment funds, insurance companies, banks and non-banking finance companies.

Alkami Technology Inc is a cloud-based digital banking solutions provider. The company’s solution, the Alkami Digital Banking Platform, allows FIs to onboard and engage new users, accelerate revenues and meaningfully improve operational efficiency, all with the support of a proprietary, true cloud-based, multi-tenant architecture.

Aisino Corp is a technology company specializing in information security. Its products and solutions are used in the fields of finance, education, customs, public security and urban services. The company provides solutions such as dedicated taxation equipment, public safety solutions, intelligent emergency, intelligent warehouse and logistics, border crossing security monitoring system, intelligent asset management solution, financial payment solutions and others.

E-Finance For Digital And Financial Investments SAE is developing integrated platforms in Egypt's digital revolution. It is a fintech platform and developer of digital payments infrastructures. The company invests in platforms and solutions that serve everyone from government agencies to ordinary consumers. The business has seven operating segments; Services and operation of cards, Integrated solutions, installation, and technical support services, card center services, hosting services, maintenance and network contracts, and others. It derives a majority of its revenue from the Services and operation of the cards segment.

Yusys Technologies Co Ltd is engaged in providing bank-oriented financial institutions with information services, such as consulting, software products, software development and implementation, operation and maintenance, and system integration. The company provides relevant products and services for the non-commercial banks, state-owned commercial banks, joint-stock banks, foreign banks and regional commercial banks and rural credit cooperatives to the People's Bank of China.

Porch Group Inc is a vertical software company reinventing the home services and insurance industries. It has four reportable segments: Insurance Services, Software & Data, Consumer Services, and Corporate. The majority of revenue is from the Insurance segment. The Insurance Services segment manages and operates the Reciprocal, providing services related, but not limited, to underwriting, policy renewal, risk management, insurance portfolio management, financial management, and setting investment guidelines in exchange for commissions and fees.

Pagaya Technologies Ltd is a financial technology company working to reshape the lending marketplace by using machine learning, data analytics, and sophisticated AI-driven credit and analysis technology. It was built to provide a comprehensive solution to enable the credit industry to deliver customers a positive experience while simultaneously enhancing the broader credit ecosystem. Its proprietary API seamlessly integrates into its next-gen infrastructure network of partners to deliver a premium customer user experience and greater access to credit. The company generates majority of its revenue from United States.

Shenzhen Kingdom Sci-tech Co Ltd operates as a financial technology company in China. It offers software in the fields of securities, funds, banking, futures, insurance, trust, integrated finance, and regulatory agencies.

Donnelley Financial Solutions Inc is a risk and compliance software solutions and related services provider. The company provides regulatory filing and deal solutions via its software-as-a-service, technology-enabled services, and print and distribution solutions to public and private companies, mutual funds, and other regulated investment firms. It operates in four reportable segments: Capital Markets - Software Solutions, Capital Markets - Compliance and Communications Management (its key revenue-generating segment), Investment Companies - Software Solutions, and Investment Companies - Compliance and Communications Management. Its geographical segments are the United States (USA), Europe, Asia, Canada, and Others, of which the USA accounts for the vast majority of its total revenue.

Quantgroup Holding Ltd is an investment holding company. The company and its subsidiaries are principally engaged in the operation of online marketplaces and other businesses including advertisement placement and provision of matching services for financial institutions. Its consumer E-commerce marketplaces include: i) Yangxiaomie: It carries a wide spectrum of retail goods ranging from consumer electronics, food and beverages, home appliances, cosmetics, jewelry to clothing and personal daily care provided by third-party marketplace suppliers. ii) Consumption Guide: It matches end customers who purchase automobiles and, to a small extent, local lifestyle services, which are sold/provided by the marketplace suppliers in offline stores. The company derives maximum revenue from Yangxiaomie.