Zagrebacka Burza Valuation Multiples

Based in Chicago, CME Group operates exchanges giving investors, suppliers, and businesses the ability to trade futures and derivatives based on interest rates, equity indexes, foreign currencies, energy, metals, and commodities. The Chicago Mercantile Exchange was founded in 1898 and in 2002 completed its IPO. Since then, CME Group has consolidated parts of the industry by merging with crosstown rival CBOT Holdings in 2007 before acquiring Nymex Holdings in 2008 and NEX in 2018. In addition, the company has a 27% stake in S&P Dow Jones Indices, making the Chicago Mercantile Exchange the exclusive venue to trade and clear S&P futures contracts. Through CME's acquisition of NEX, it also expanded into cash foreign exchange, fixed-income trading, and collateral optimization.

Intercontinental Exchange is a vertically integrated operator of financial exchanges and provides ancillary data products. Though the company is probably best known for its ownership of the New York Stock Exchange, which it acquired in 2013, ICE operates a large derivatives exchange, too. The company's largest commodity futures product is the ICE Brent crude futures contract. In addition to the exchanges business, which is about 54% of net revenue, Intercontinental Exchange has used a series of acquisitions to create its mortgage technology business (22% of net revenue) and fixed-income and data-services segment (24% of net revenue).

Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing is a vertically integrated securities exchange business offering listing, data, trading, clearing and settlement services across equities, debt and derivatives. HKEx, like Hong Kong itself, functions as a gateway between China and the rest of the world. HKEx serves as a preferred listing venue for Chinese companies outside of China and, through the Connect Scheme, offers two-way trading for a growing group of financial products with the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange.

London Stock Exchange Group is a fully integrated financial exchange company covering the financial market value chain from primary and secondary markets across multiple asset classes over data, index, and analytics down to clearing and post-trading reporting. With the acquisition of Refinitiv, LSEG generates about two thirds of its revenue from data and analytics including its FTSE Russell and WM/Refinitiv benchmarks as well as data feeds and terminals. The group is also a majority shareholder in Tradeweb, one of the dominant global fixed-income trading venues, as well as LCH, the largest clearinghouse for over-the-counter swaps globally.

Deutsche Boerse is a financial exchange company headquartered in Frankfurt, Germany. The company primarily generates revenue through its Eurex and Clearstream segments. Eurex allows for the trading and clearing of derivatives. Clearstream offers custody and settlement services for domestic and international securities, as well as collateral management services. Other segments include Xetra, which generates revenue through trading and clearing cash equities, STOXX (an index business), and several others.

Founded in 1971, Nasdaq is primarily known for its equity exchange, but in addition to its trading business (about 22.5% of sales), the company sells market and financial data to investors, offers Nasdaq-branded indexes, and lists companies through its capital access segment (42.5%). Nasdaq's newest segment, financial technology, was primarily constructed through the acquisitions of Verafin and Adenza and has expanded the company into capital management, financial crime, and regulatory compliance software (35%) as it seeks to become a diversified technology company.

Founded in 1973, Cboe controls the largest option exchange in the US, which provides around 60% of the firm's revenue. The company is best known for its proprietary S&P 500 and VIX index options, which it offers through an exclusive contract with S&P Global. The firm moved into US and European equities through the $3.4 billion acquisition of BATS in 2017. Cboe has continued to look to expand internationally, using acquisitions to build a presence in both Canada and Australia.

Singapore Exchange is a vertically integrated securities exchange business, offering listing-, data-, trading-, clearing- and settlement services across equities, debt and derivatives. Singapore Exchange, like Singapore itself, is remarkably outward-facing and offers some of the most liquid and widely traded equity derivative products for various regional markets, including the FTSE China A50 Index Futures.

Euronext is a financial exchange group with trading venues in Amsterdam, Brussels, Dublin, Lisbon, Milan, Oslo, and Paris, covering primarily cash equities, fixed income, and index and single stock derivatives. With the acquisition of Borsa Italiana, Euronext has also taken control of CC&G, the Italian multi-asset clearing house, as well as Monte Titoli, the Italian central securities depository. This complements Euronext’s other CSDs in Norway, Denmark and Portugal. Euronext is the owner of the CAC40, AEX, BEL 20, ISEQ 20, OBX, and PSI 20 indexes.

BSE Ltd operates as a stock exchange and is one of the exchange groups in India. The company operates through one segment namely Stock Exchange Operations i.e. Facilitating Trading in Securities and other related ancillary Services, while generating a majority of its revenues through stock exchange activities. It predominantly provides a trading platform for over 5000 companies that are listed on its exchange. The exchange offers various services such as trading in equity, debt instruments, derivatives, and mutual funds. BSE also offers its customers other services such as risk management, market data services, and educational programs. Geographically, the company generates a majority of its revenue from its customers within India.

B3 SA - Brasil Bolsa Balcao is a financial market exchange. Its services consist of trading, clearing, and other post-trade services. The company's activities are carried out through its trading systems and clearinghouses and include transactions with securities, interbank foreign exchange, and securities under custody in the special system for settlement and custody. The company's segment involves: Listed; OTC; Infrastructure for Financing; and Technology, Data and Services. It derives maximum revenue from Listed Segment.

Japan Exchange Group is a vertically integrated securities exchange business, which includes the Tokyo Stock Exchange, Osaka Exchange, and Tokyo Commodity Exchange. JPX ranks among the top five largest stock exchange operators in the world by market capitalization, and its Nikkei 225 and Topix derivatives products are some of the most widely traded derivatives products in the world.

TMX Group Ltd is a company that operates several markets to provide investment opportunities for its clients. The company has four operating segments: Global Solutions, Insights & Analytics, Capital Formation, Derivatives Trading & Clearing, and Equities and Fixed Income Trading & Clearing. The maximum of its revenue is from Global Solutions, Insights & Analytics, which deliver equities data, index data as well as integrated data sets to fuel high value proprietary and third party analytics, which help clients make trading and investment decisions. The company geographically operates in Canada, USA, UK, Germany, and Other Countries, with maximum revenue from Canada.

Australian Securities Exchange is a vertically integrated securities exchange business offering listing, data, trading, clearing, and settlement services across equities, debt, and derivatives. ASX benefits from various effective monopolies across its business and a disproportionately large listings business from Australia’s outsize natural resources sector.

Multi Commodity Exchange of India Ltd is an India-based deemed Stock Exchange recognized under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956. The company facilitates online trading, and clearing and settlement of commodity futures transactions, thereby providing a platform for risk management. The company is a demutualized Exchange and has permanent recognition from the Government of India to facilitate nationwide online trading, clearing, and settlement operations of commodity derivatives. The company derives its revenues from transaction fees, admission fees, annual subscription fees, terminal charges, connectivity income, interest income, dividends from and gains on the sale of investments and other miscellaneous income.

Saudi Tadawul Group Holding Co provides trading, clearing, and settlement services in securities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It also provides services related to innovation in technology. The company's segment includes Capital Markets; Post Trade; Data and Technology Services and Corporate. It generates maximum revenue from the Post Trade segment.

Miami International Holdings Inc is a technology-driven leader in building and operating regulated financial marketplaces across multiple asset classes and geographies. Its MIAX Exchange marketplaces are enabled by its in-house built, proprietary technology. It maintains a broad portfolio of U.S. exchange and clearing licenses, in both securities and futures. The company operates markets across a diverse number of asset classes including options and cash equities as well as futures and options on futures.

Tel Aviv Stock Exchange Ltd is engaged in managing a securities stock exchange and in related activities. The company deals in securities, indices, derivative market, securities listing, research, statistics, and others.

Dubai Financial Market PJSC operates as a regulated secondary market for the trading of securities issued by public shareholding companies, bonds issued by federal or local governments, local public institutions, and mutual funds as well as other local or foreign financial instruments. The company is focused on trading in financial instruments, acting as a commercial, industrial and agricultural holding and trust company, financial investment consultancy, and brokerage in local and foreign shares and bonds. It is engaged in a single segment of operating stock exchanges and related clearing house. The company derives the majority of revenue from Trading commission fees and rest from Brokerage fees, Clearing, settlement and depository fees, Listing and market data fees, and Other fees.

Tradegate AG Wertpapierhandelsbank is a Germany-based company. It is engaged in providing banking and financial services. In addition to retail banking, the company focuses on the trading of several domestic and foreign securities on the Tradegate Exchange, and the Frankfurt and Berlin stock exchanges. The company's main business activity consists of market specialist activities and market making; it acts as a Market Specialist on the Tradegate Exchange and the Frankfurt Stock Exchange and as an order book manager on the Berlin Stock Exchange. It extends its services to the securities listing on the stock exchanges in Munich, Stuttgart, Hamburg, Hanover, and Dusseldorf.

Boursa Kuwait Securities Co KPSC operates as a financial exchange and clearing house in Kuwait. The company also provides securities-related services to participants in the financial sector. Its segments includes securities exchange and clearing, out of which the majority is from the securities exchange.

Bursa Malaysia Bhd operates a fully integrated exchange that offers a comprehensive products, mostly to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. These include equities, derivatives, offshore, and Islamic products. The company also provides exchange-related services, including trading, clearing, and settling, as well as depository services. It is home to hundreds of companies listed either on the main market or the ACE market, depending on size. The company emphasizes facilitating a more conducive trading environment, the availability of tradeable alternatives, and developing a regional marketplace with access through collaborations and alliances, among other initiatives. Its primary source of revenue is securities market, followed by derivatives market.

Bolsas Y Mercados Argentinos SA offers transactions, liquidity, custody, pre and post negotiation through capital market platform. Additionally, it also offers Trading Platform Millennium together with quality and security Standards applied in the main Markets around the world.

Warsaw Stock Exchange is a securities exchange based in Poland whose core activities include organizing exchange trading in financial instruments and activities related to such trading. The group also pursues activities in education, promotion, and information concerning the capital market. The company has traditionally generated listed interest from both local and regional European companies but primarily from small and medium-sized Polish companies. In addition to stock and bond offerings, the exchange also offers trading in debt instruments, derivatives, commodities, and structured products. Sales revenue is classified according to three main business segments: financial market, commodity market, and other.

Bolsa Mexicana de Valores SAB de CV is a public securities exchange operating in Mexico but with listings from both Mexican and foreign issuers. Its services include trading, listing, custody, clearing, and settlement, as well as counterparty services and data sales. The company's sources of revenue include cash equities, derivatives, over-the-counter activity, issuers, custody, and information services. Majority of the company's revenue is driven by trading volume.

Indian Energy Exchange Ltd is an India-based power trading platform provider. It is a power exchange for spot trading in power/electricity, trading of Renewable Energy Certificates (REC), and Energy Saving Certificates (ESCerts). The main activity of the company is to provide an automated platform and infrastructure for carrying out trading in electricity units for the physical delivery of electricity.

Jse Ltd operates in South Africa but offers its services to local and global investors seeking exposure to the broader African continent. The Johannesburg Stock Exchange offers primary and secondary capital markets across a diverse range of securities, supported by its post-trade and regulatory services. JSE's main lines of business include Capital Markets, Post-Trade Services, and Information Services. The company's business model also emphasizes technological innovation to support and drive its trading, clearing, and settlement services. It offers five financial markets, principally equity and bonds, as well as financial, commodity, and interest-rate derivatives.

OTC Markets Group Inc operates financial markets for securities in the U.S. and globally. The firm mainly operates OTCQX best market, OTCQB venture market and Pink open market. It has OTC link ATS, market data licensing and corporate services business lines. The activities of these business lines encompass quotation and trade messaging services, network-based platform, access to market data, a suite of market data licenses and disclosure and information services. It derives a majority of its revenue from the U.S.

Nuam SA is a regional holding company that integrates the stock exchanges of Chile (Santiago), Colombia, and Peru (Lima) into a single unified capital market.

Euronext Athens Holding SA operates the Greek capital market, offering trading, clearing, settlement, and registry services for equities, derivatives, bonds, and energy markets.

Hellenic Exchanges - Athens Stock Exchange SA is the parent company of the Group that supports the operation of the Greek capital market. The parent company and its subsidiaries operate the organized cash and derivatives markets, carry out trade clearing, settlement and safekeeping of securities, provide comprehensive technology solutions to the Greek capital market, provide support services of other organized markets in Greece and abroad as well as other ancillary services, and promote the development of capital markets culture in Greece. The company generates revenue from Trading, Post trading, Listing, Data Services, IT and Digital Services, and Ancillary services.

Bolsa de Valores de Colombia SA is a operator of the Colombian capital markets infrastructure. The company offers solutions and services for Issuers (issuer services and issuances), Trading (access, transactions, and registration), Post-trading (risk management, clearing, settlement, custody, and securities administration), and Information (market information and price provision) in the transactional and OTC markets for equities, fixed income, derivatives, and foreign exchange.

NZX Ltd facilitates capital raising and securities trading. Its main function is to provide a market for the trading, clearing, and settlement of securities. It also provides market data relating to listed companies and indexes. It operates the New Zealand securities, derivatives, and energy markets, builds and maintains the infrastructure on which it operates, and provides a range of information and data to support market growth and development on a scale. NZX also provides wealth management services for New Zealand advisers via its Wealth Technologies business. Its segments include Markets which generates key revenue, Funds Management, and Wealth Technologies.

The Philippine Stock Exchange Inc is a Philippines-based stock corporation. The company's business is to provide and maintain a convenient and suitable market for the exchange, purchase, and sale of all types of securities and other instruments. The company provides trading, clearing, depository, and information services for the equity market. It also operates activities of clearance and settlement agencies through its wholly-owned subsidiaries. The sources of revenue mainly consist of listing-related fees for initial public offerings, annual listing maintenance membership, transactions, data feeds, and miscellaneous fees.

Matba Rofex Sociedad Anonima is an agricultural futures and options Exchange in Latin America. Approximately, more than 75 members trade futures and options contracts on agricultural commodities using the open outcry system or company's electronic platform. The company registers, guarantees, clears and settles every contract traded at the Exchange. It also offers through Fundación MATba a large number of educational and training programs. These programs cover a range of topics involving derivatives, strategies and back office administration, among others.

Bursa De Valori Bucuresti SA is engaged in the management of the financial markets. The company's segment includes Capital markets, Post-trading services, Registry services, FCI services and Other services. The capital markets segment includes trading of securities and financial instruments transactions on regulated markets. Post-trading services include services provided after a transaction is completed and the bank account is debited, and the securities are transferred to the portfolio. Registry services include storage and updating of the registry of stakeholders for the listed companies. FCI services and other services are related to the investor's compensation scheme. The majority of the company's revenue is generated from Trading services.

Pakistan Stock Exchange Ltd is engaged in conducting, regulating and controlling the trade or business of purchasing, selling and trading in debentures stock, government papers, shares, scrips, stocks, bonds, loans, and any other instruments and securities. The products of the company involve Equity Segments, known as Ready Market (T+2), Bills & Bonds (for trading in government debt securities & corporate debt), Futures Counter, Deliverable Futures Contracts, Stock Index Futures, Negotiated Deal Market, REIT, Exchange Traded Funds and GEM Board.

Bolsa Mercantil de Colombia SA is engaged in the marketing of agricultural, agro-industrial and other commodities goods, and other commodities. It also provides interests, securities, futures and options contracts, and derivative instruments through a commodity exchange.

Grupo BVL S.A.A., formerly Bolsa de Valores de Lima offers securities trading services in Peru. It provides services, systems, and mechanisms for the brokerage of publicly offered securities, derivatives, and other instruments traded in centralized trading mechanisms. The company also provides securities clearing and settlement activities.

Bulgarian Stock Exchange AD is functioning stock exchange in Bulgaria. The principal activity of the group is to organize trade in securities and other financial instruments; organize and maintain an information system for security deals; and establish and maintain a clearing system. It has aggregated its operations into three reportable segments - Trading in Financial Instruments, Information Services, and Registration of Issues for Trading. It offers a wide range of RSS information services to serve the corporate clients, such as data-vendors, investment intermediaries, and issuers. The group performs their activities in Bulgaria only.

Euroxx Securities SA is a financial services firm providing investment services to its clients. The company's client mix consists of private investors, legal entities, Greek and foreign institutional investors. It combines high skill and know-how and is able to respond to more complex investment expectations.

Jamaica Stock Exchange Ltd operates and regulates a stock exchange and develops a stock market in Jamaica. Through its subsidiary, the company is also establishing and maintaining a Central Securities Depository in Jamaica to facilitate the transfer of ownership of securities. Its operating segments are Exchange operations; JCSD services; Investments; and Trustee, custodian, company management, and other activities. It derives a portion of the revenue from the Exchange operations involving the Stock exchange's operation and regulation. Another critical revenue source is from JCSD services provided in connection with transferring and holding securities, shares, stocks, bonds, debentures, and registrar services. The firm's operations are in Jamaica.

Bolsa de Comercio de Santiago operates as the main stock exchange in Chile. It facilitates, regulates & monitors trading in equity shares, fixed income securities, futures, options & investment fund units. It offers new financial instruments, such as the creation of shares of transferable funds or ETFs, the Derivatives Market and the Venture Market.